Generation-X Essay - 1365 Words

Generation-X When most people hear the label Generation –X they think of a hopeless generation of youth that have given into the pressures of the world. I would like you to think of the X as the Greek symbol for â€Å"Chi† which is used as a symbol for Christ. In this decade the youth involved in the Christianity has grown significantly. Youth are responding to the church in ways that the past generation did not. Where mom and dad embraced the tumultuous sixties their children have taken hold of Christianity. The youth organizations that promote the Protestant doctrine have seen the youth membership grow by 50% since 1990. Catholic Churches have witnessed their youth involvement double in the last decade. The youth are coming from all†¦show more content†¦Why are the youth being drawn in great numbers to the Christian faith? Could it be the sense of belonging that they are after? Has the culture that they have grown up in made it important to belong to a group? What makes t he youth of the nineties different from their predecessors? It’s not like all of these kids come from disadvantaged or broken homes. Many of them are well-adjusted middle-class kids that dont need to be attached to something out side of themselves to be validated or excepted. The one thing that they all seem to have in common is that they have been raised in a much more complex social atmosphere than past youngsters. They have spent more time in front of a television than any other generation. They have been labeled a generation without a cause. Their energy has been sapped by endless hours of Nintendo and the constant race to stay on the cutting edge of fashion. They become consumers at younger ages too and that brings on the pressure to have the best, and have it first. Kids find themselves making one purchase after another and never coming away with anything that will last. The life that Hollywood romanices and glorifies leaves them feeling hollow and unfulfilled. The yout h today are experiencing burn out at a very young age. SuicideShow MoreRelatedThe Generation X And Generation Y916 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinguishes two generations, generation X and generation Y, they have varied on expectation of life. Additionally, the employer should realize to diversities of employee personality in the organization, which might contribute to making a conflict in teamwork such as having the different attitude, not understanding in other characteristics, confident of subconscious and so on. The generation X, who is composed of the parent of generation Y (born between 1965 and 1981), this generation has an optimisticRead MoreGenerational Differences: Generation X and Generation Y1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe hottest topic of conversation is between two generations is superiority. The Generation X argues that Generation Y is getting everything in their plate without having to work for it. The millenials counter that by saying that technological know how is the need of the day and nobody survives bereft of that. This is what the older generations lacks and finds it difficult to cope with the times. Hence the millenials consider themselves better. But is this argument really valid? Are the criteriaRead MoreThe Generational Differences Between The Generation X And Generation Y1661 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences between the Generation X (1961-1981) and Generation Y (1981-2001). After reviewing several articles and identifying the important information, it has been summed up in one paper. It includes, growing up in different eras and how they compare and contrast. As well as, what it was like to learn in those era’s, meaning mostly how has technology advanced our learning programs and teaching techniques. The reader will also find how it is to work with the different generations of people, more importantlyRead MoreA Short Note On Generation X And The Workplace Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesMillennials and Generation X in the Workpl ace Have you noticed the faces in your workplace getting younger before your eyes? You are not just imagining it! If the statistics being released on US demographics are accurate, millennials are slated to be the largest generation yet. This means that they will also make up the largest chunk of the labor pool for many years to come. Millennials, along with the smaller but significant Generation X, are replacing retiring baby boomers at an increasing paceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Silent Generation, Generation X, And The Millennials1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent generations is to offer diversity in teaching styles in order to satisfy the different preferences. As of now, there are four generations that are in the workforce and those four generations are: The Silent Generation, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and the Millennials. This paper will examine the characteristics of these four generations, how their learning styles differ, and what to provide to each group in order for their le arning experience to be most rewarding. The Silent Generation was bornRead MoreGeneration X, By Megan Johnson And Larry Johnson Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagesï‚ § Generations, INC.: From Boomers to Linksters—Managing the Friction Between Generations at Work by Megan Johnson and Larry Johnson Chapter Four: Big Bird, Wayne’s World, and Home Alone: Signposts for Generation X Accordingly, occasionally known as the â€Å"Forgotten generation of all of the four generations,† Generation X continues to redefined that similar to the prior generations, Generation X has made and continues to make historic strives on society as well. First, Generation Xers redefined howRead MoreThe Gap Between Baby Boomers, Generation X, And Generation Y861 Words   |  4 PagesThe generation gap between Baby Boomers, generation X, and Generation Y is increasing within time which has caused them many issues at their work. With an age gap of almost 40 years between the oldest and youngest employee’s inside companies or firms, there are a vast range of perspectives, needs, and values. Baby Boomers were the first to be born between 1946 and 1964 and they represent 41 percent of the three groups. Then Generation X comes second with 16 percent, and they were born between 1956Read MoreEssay about New Learning Strategies for Generation X1630 Words   |  7 PagesNew Le arning Strategies for Generation X Generation X workers resent the labels that have been used to describe them: slackers, arrogant, disloyal, having short attention spans. In fact, these descriptions are less likely to reflect the behaviors of individuals in Generation X than the perceptions of managers who are not attuned to new ways of learning. This Digest investigates ways in which the learning characteristics of the young adults classified as Generation X reflect the need for the newRead MoreEssay Generation X1136 Words   |  5 PagesGeneration X When seeking information on differences, good and bad, between the Baby Boomers and Generation X, what better experts than my parents. After all they have done the 50s thru the 90s. They have seen the different trends and Im sure attempted to set a few of their own. As the conversation went on about the differences and similarities, we all became passionate about certain aspects of growing up. It started with the clothes, and then television and it got intense when we got toRead MoreHow Should Ford Motor Company Market Differently to Generation Y, Generation X, and Baby Boomers?699 Words   |  3 PagesHow should Ford Motor company market differently to Generation Y, Generation X, and baby boomers? Each generation has its own characteristics, attitudes and lifestyle. Understanding their needs, wants and buying behaviors is essential to be able to connect with them. Efficient communication to convey the message will help gain their trust. Once gained, with their attention captivated, it will be easy to position the brand in their minds. Ford Motor Company should be prepared to serve people

Essay about School Uniforms Save Time - 718 Words

The ringing of the alarm clock that is placed directly beside your bed wakes you. The high pitched alarm practically pierces your brain and makes you get out of your warm, cozy bed. Time to head to school. You have to wake up every day the moment that alarm goes off or else you’re toast. If you are late again, your school record is sure to take a hit. But wait†¦ what are you going to wear? Is this a dilemma you face each morning? Do you have trouble wanting to get out of your bed, and then faced with the troubling question of what cool, clean, unwrinkled outfit you should wear that day? This is where school uniforms come in. Don’t you think that just slapping on a uniform would be much easier? This way you might not have to think so hard in†¦show more content†¦Picking out a different outfit every single day for every single month of every school year sure can be time consuming, and I’ve even met people from public schools that skip more important t hings like breakfast in order to be dressed nicely! This is absurd, as breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Also, imagine all those hours spent in stores and malls just to find the perfect outfit that you’re probably going to wear for... at the most, one day, because you’ll want to keep your style ‘fresh’ and ‘original’. Believe me, I’ve seen it happen here and there. Furthermore, school uniforms have the potential to make schools a whole lot safer. Think of it like this – if you were to see a student walk in wearing an ugly polo shirt and sweat pants, (s)he would probably be picked on just because of what (s)he is wearing. We as humans naturally judge on what we see first, and it’s usually their face / clothing. If school uniforms were implemented in many places, then it would eradicate school violence and students wouldn’t be indignant with each other based on what they wear. Also, since everyone on sc hool grounds is wearing their uniform, it would be easy to pinpoint unwanted visitors and be one step ahead. Not to mention it would help kids with less money evade the bullying and teasing that they would usually receive, which brings me to my next point. Last but not least, with school uniforms, parent’sShow MoreRelatedImportance Of School Uniforms Essay876 Words   |  4 Pagessomething to wear to school the next day? School uniforms are beneficial because first of all, with school uniforms students will fit in with their school and everyone. Second, school uniforms help schools recognize those who do and do not belong on campus. And third, they are cheaper than normal clothes. Some might think that they are boring, but the thing is that school have them in different colors which could make it fun for the students. The first reason why school uniforms are beneficial is becauseRead MoreSchool Uniform Persuasive Essay by Javairia Haq764 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Uniform Persuasive Essay At a school, a child wearing a stained ragged-patched up sweat shirt and old tired pants full of disgusting mud stains, she goes to her locker quietly, suddenly after getting out her books, five older students surround her. The oblivious teachers and distracted staff don’t even bother noticing older pupils ridiculing the young girl’s outfit, teasing and tormenting the juvenile girl about her revolting clothes till she criesRead MoreThe Benefits of School Unifroms Essay628 Words   |  3 Pagestrends? Would it be easier if you knew exactly what you have to wear every morning? It would be if schools required uniforms School uniforms are a great help to students in many ways. Uniforms help to prevent bullying and harassment, save money for parents, and kids won’t have to worry if what they are wearing follows the dress code. School uniforms have recently become more popular in modern times because it help children focus on their schoolwork without the distraction of whether or not theirRead MorePersuasive Essay About School Uniforms814 Words   |  4 Pages[Create a Unique Title Here] Many schools have a love-hate relationship with school uniforms: the school loves them, but the students hate them. While many students believe school uniforms are an arbitrary concept, dress codes are actually very beneficial to them, the staff, and the school as a whole. Ever since school uniforms began their reign on public schools instead of private and religious institutes, students have been convinced that school uniforms are meant to stifle their individualityRead MoreIf it means that the schoolrooms will be more orderly and more disciplined, and that our young1100 Words   |  5 Pagestheyre wearing on the outside, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear uniforms. Former President Clinton said this in a speech in in March of 1996. There is an immense controversy about whether a school uniform will help or hinder a student. After much deliberation and inquiry, public schools should be allowed to enforce their students to wear uniforms. The la rgest part of the debate is whether or not the uniform hinders a students personal expression.. AlongRead MoreSchool Uniforms859 Words   |  4 Pages24 September 2017 School Uniforms Should Be Used In Schools School uniforms should be utilized within schools. There are plenty of benefits, including they cost less than buying regular school clothes would, as well as drastically decreasing peer pressure and bullying in the student body. Uniforms give students a sense of respect and responsibility. They create the ability for students to succeed in areas without the hassle of what they’re wearing. School uniforms improve school spirit, and createRead MoreSchool Uniforms And Public Schools1303 Words   |  6 PagesUniforms are an identifying outfit or style of dress worn by the members of a given profession, organization, or rank. (Dictionary.com) A typical uniform consist of dark pants or shorts for boys, skirt for girls, and a shirt or a blouse. Students can also buy and wear a T-shirt with the school logo but it is not common. School uniforms first became popular in the United States in the mid 1900’s and originated from England. The major movement towards uniforms in stat e schools began with PresidentRead MoreEssay on Three Reasons Why Public Schools Should Wear Uniforms664 Words   |  3 Pageshere, in the USA few public schools have need of students to wear a uniform. I went to school in Mexico City and I got to wear uniform every day. It is very common there for students to be dress in uniforms. Most of the time, I think kids in this country are very spoiled and very selfish too. For them to wear an uniform to go to school it is very offensive. The reason is they think they can no longer express themselves. I agree that asking students to wear a uniform won’t change their attitudeRead MoreArgumentation, School Uniform1100 Words   |  5 Pagesourselves greatly depends on what the situation we are in. For instance, we put on evening suits when we present ourselves at a party of celebrities; on the field, we put on sports wear. Therefore, in elementary and secondary school, I suggest students should put on school uniform to give a consci ousness to students that people should wear proper clothes in certain place in order to respect others. As Gilchrish said, clothing is a way to show others that you have respect and consideration for the situationRead MoreSchool Uniform Is Good Or Bad?966 Words   |  4 PagesSCHOOL UNIFORMS The school uniform is good or bad? This is a question debated in many schools. School uniforms have many advantages and disadvantages; it depends on the thought and opinion of each person. Some people think that school uniforms display the discipline, obedience of students and it helps students can save time in choosing the outfit every day; it helps poor students have equality with everyone in school; it helps students be distinct from other people and it makes students feel proud

Memory Free Essays

Three participants ages 19, 19, and 20 were asked to listen to three lists of words whose contents ranged from low to high association. The low-association list was defined by words that had no particular relation to each other. Conversely, the high-association list was characterized by words that had very close relationships with each other, whereas the in-between list of medium association contained words among which loose relationships existed. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each list contained ten words. The three lists were read to each participant in a slow and systematic way, leaving an interval of approximately one second between the calling of each word. Each participant was then given a minute to write down as many words as they could recall. The average number of words remembered from the low-association list was three (3), which represents a low level of recall for short term memory. This is consistent with the idea that the brain employs a short-term memory system that is able to hold limited information, and this can be done for only a short time without the aid of semantic prompters (Brown et al., 1985). The group of words on the low-association list contained almost no semantic prompters, as these words belonged to no specific category that could have been called up in the schema of the persons involved in the experiment.    As a result, the first few words called in each list allowed the participants no leeway to use schema as a mnemonic device for recalling them. Relying therefore only on short-term memory, the participants were able only to remember a small portion of the words. It is also important to note that those which were remembered were the ones located near the end of the list. This indicates that the effort to remember those later words nullified any earlier efforts made at memorization, and consequently removed the earlier words from the participants’ short-term memory. The second list of words containing a limited number of related words (medium association) showed a recall level for the participants of approximately six (6) words. The final two words on the list were recalled by two of the participants, and the other recalled the last word. However, the few words on the list that were related were universally recalled by the participants. The experiment apparently enabled them to make connections among the related words and to further connect them to a category in their schemata. This occurrence points to the tendency of the mind to categorize the information it receives, and the long-term memory of these participants appears to have been activated by associating the related words to their appropriate category. This categorization is most likely the factor that aided the short term memory of the participants, allowing them to recall a greater percentage of the words (almost twice as many) than they were able to recall from the first list. The third list contained words that were all highly related to each other. The experiment demonstrated even more the extent to which semantic categorization has the ability to aid short-term memory. The participants remembered an average of approximately nine (9) words on the list. This represents a vast increase over the previous two tries. This part of the experiment indicates the participants appeal to their long term memory as an aid in memorizing the contents of this list. For instance, despite the fact that the words on the low-association list were familiar words, their ability to remember them was compromised by the fact that they had no method of selecting them from all the other things that reside in their memories. Conversely, the fact that the words from the third experiment were all members of a particular category allowed these participants to use the taxonomic feature of long-term memory to aid recall in this memory experiment (Brown et al., 1985). The parallel trend of increased remembrance alongside increased association therefore underlines the importance of schema in the enhancement of memory. Reference Brown, A. S., S. L. Whiteman, R. J. Cattoi C. K. Bradley. (1985). â€Å"Associative strength level   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   and retrieval inhibition in semantic memory.† The American Journal of Psychology.    98(3):   421-432.    How to cite Memory, Essay examples Memory Free Essays emortMemory of Many Senses Senses are a very powerful thing in every person’s life no matter who you are you will be constantly using at least one of your senses. The sense of smell is one thing that not many people realize but it triggers memories in our brains and it can be a good or bad memory depending on the person. Fortunately for me most of the smells that strike memories for me are very good. We will write a custom essay sample on Memory or any similar topic only for you Order Now The memory that strikes me most when I get a certain smell is the feeling of being in the Dominican Republic. Whenever I get the sweet scent of a pineapple I just lay back and think about our vacation when my family and I went to the Caribbean. That sweet smell of a freshly cut pineapple is so sweet you can almost taste it even before you actually eat it. It is just the most amazing thing when there is a freshly picked and cut pineapple perfectly ripe right in front of you just waiting for you to grab some and sit near the beach and relax. Once I smell it I just picture seeing the beach and all of the people out tanning and the ocean splashing on the shore and just a happy and relaxing atmosphere. The thought of even being back in the Dominican makes me happy and relaxes me no matter how stressed that I am.  Like read about memories? Read also  Flashbulb memory! Seeing the ocean and the beach in my mind brings back the memory of being with my family and just enjoying life. The sound of the ocean waves crashing and flowing onto the sand is another thing that pops into my mind. Then while sitting on the beach while listening to the ocean I just take a bite of the sweet and juicy pineapple; it’s the best taste in the world. The senses are a strong part of your memory. They do wonderful things and also sometimes not so wonderful things for you to remember but in my case it turned out to be a wonderful memory. How to cite Memory, Papers

Size Zero Models free essay sample

In the present day scenario, I find it quite apparent that all fashion trends mainly target women. I have witnessed that be it big brands like Versace, Damp;G, and Gucci or a local brand such as Primark, everyone wants their media agencies to hire models that are size zero and very few brands have slightly bigger sized women to endorse their product. Seemingly when the question comes to sanction a new product or a new launch arises, the media supports size zero models thus influencing the designers creations. While browsing through various fashion magazines I found that the media agrees with Rosalind Coward’s statement, â€Å"The ‘perfect’ female body would be between five foot eight, long-tregged, tanned and vigorous looking, but above all, without a spare inch of flesh†. (Coward,1984,P52). Subsequently, women with figures fitting the above statement are considered ‘ideal’. Undoubtedly media’s representation of female figures has affected society as a whole, leading to women of every age group and mainly the younger generation trying to be size zero thus overlooking their physical, social and other limitations. Benjamin A Straight of The Two Finger Diet mentions in his book that â€Å"Mellican adds that that there has been pressure on women to conform to prevailing fashions and standards of beauty† (Straight, 2005, p. 36). The portrayal of thin or size zero women as the one that every one yearns for, a hot pick of leading brands coupled with various added advantages has even compelled women to go to every extreme to attain that figure. Even Benjamin says, â€Å"Having the appropriately sized and proportioned body increased a women opportunities for value and esteem from herself, her female peers, males and society† (Straight,2005,p. 3) Browsing through the results of various market trends and surveys, a majority of people wish to have size zero models to endorse their favorite brands. Only few women wished some plus size female models to market their product†. Younger women on the other hand have gone to extremes to be thin or as per the lean models showed in various end orsements or print and digital media ad campaigns. As per renowned Rosalind Coward, â€Å"No one wants to be lump when they could be firm; it would be like choosing to be daft when you could be bright† (Coward,1984,P59). He has rightly manifested in his book that â€Å"There is definite female outline which is considered the cultural ideal†. Media portrayal had made size zero a rage among all age group women. Now, after following the current fashion trends where only zero size models showcase the creations coupled with the popularity of slim and trim international models and Hollywood stars, the words of Benjamin appears true to me i. e. â€Å"The female image in the media has completely changed from being voluptuous and curvaceous in the 1940s to being busty and narrow hipped from the late 1960’s through 1980’s†. Straight,2005,p. 62) Literature review. Whilst researching the topic, â€Å"How is the representation of size zero models in media affecting todays society? † evidence was found that women in the younger generation felt that they needed to ape the size zero models in order to be accepted and appreciated in society. The book ‘The Two finger Dietâ€⠄¢ by Benjamin A Straight traces the roots of this phenomenon and its development to the present. He ultimately concludes that ‘ideal’ female is purposefully unattainable and leads to several personal as well as social problems. He stated, â€Å"This body type, almost anorexic is not an isolated phenomenon, but instead has become the idealized standard of beauty and fashion since the 1970’s† (Straight, 2005, p. 36). According to Straight, women are taught that appearance is the most important part of their lives, it is more important than what they think and that their appearance effects social opportunities. The male gaze is the main marvel of this book. Men want to perceive women in a certain way that satisfies their wishes. Perfectly proportionate body and flawless skin etc. To please their man, women want to be more like the models and actresses portrayed in the media today. In a similar way Liz Frost in her book â€Å"Young Women and The Body† writes about how young women affect their health by comparing themselves to the misrepresented women in the mass media today. In the earlier days, a slightly plump woman was desirable and now the change to size zero has led to eating disorders and stress on younger women. Therefore, leading to an unhappy relationship between a women and her body. In addition to this, the book ‘The Media and Body Image† written by Wykes and Gunter, it is stated that the blame of female insecurities about their body should not only be directed to the media but also how women today understand it. If females perceive a discrepancy between the accepted standard of female attractiveness and their own bodies, they may become concerned that their own weight is not satisfactory. Rosalin Coward author of the novel, â€Å"Female Desire: Women’s sexuality today† while agreeing with the above mentioned authors concluded that, â€Å"This ‘perfect’ female body would be between five foot eight, long-legged, tanned and vigorous looking, but above all, without a spare inch of flesh† (Coward, 1984, p. 52) By contrast Cooper who wrote â€Å"Fat and Proud† does not agree with the above four authors. She is of the strong opinion that women should accept their bodies the way they were made, and the motive of the media should not make them feel inferior or make them want to be like them instead they should feel comfortable in their own body type. She further goes onto say how weight loss in any form, be it dieting or eating disorders such as anorexia or bulimia can lead to severe health problems be it mental or physical. To help her argument she has written about women’s personal experiences with the discrimination that they face on a daily basis and how to live without the fear and shame of their weight. Unlike in the media, where every women seen is a size zero and has gone through several bodily changes to become that way. Authors, Coward (1984), Straight (2005), Wykes amp; Gunter (2005), and Frost (2005) claim that women feel threatened with the size zero models shown in the media and agreed with above mentioned statement proving the evidence found was accurate. Even though these authors were in sync with one another, in contrast Cooper (1998) held a completely different view. He was of the opinion that if a woman was plus sized, she should not be ashamed of herself and should accept herself just the way she is. Methodology After giving a serious thought to the methodology that I should take up for my project, I decided to read and consult numerous books. I referred to Rosalind Coward’s Female desire ; women’s sexuality today, Benjamin A Straight’s The Two Finger Diet and Maggie Wykes and Barrie Gunter’s The Media and Body Image. After a detailed reading and browsing numerous websites, I came up with the idea of drafting set of questionnaire for my subjects i. e. people of three different age groups. Questions I asked were pertaining to ones notion of ideal figure, attitude towards zero size models, comparison of ones partner’s looks with such models, media’s portrayal of women figure, inclusion of plus size models and their definition of perfect women. I gave first set of questionnaires to be filled to my 20 subjects in the age group 18-25. Out of these 20, I had 15 females and 5 males and all were resident of the same building where I reside. Targeting these subjects was quite challenging as I had to make them understand the importance of these questionnaire for my academic pursuit. My second targeted subjects were in the age group 25-30. I came across 5 subjects i. e. 4 female and 1 male in my building only while next 8 were the one I commuted with during my one of the visits in the Tube. A family lunch provided me with the remaining subjects i. e. 7 at one place only. These subjects were my friends, relatives etc. This age group was comparatively easy to handle and was even enthusiastic about giving feedback. They even discussed scope of my research and my findings in other age groups. During my visit to biggest sainsburry closest to my house, I got to target third age group i. . 30-35. On my first day itself, I came across 16 subjects who willingly answered the questionnaire while my next day visit fetched me remaining 4 subjects in 50 minutes time. The response of this age group subject was quite rational and very well though over. I did launch an online pole to garner information but it was not much fruitful as not much people were keen to participate and e ven their age was not revealed in the survey. I tried to amass information from online studies, local media etc. but could not rely on it due to their lack of authenticity. Findings According to the questionnaire conducted, it was evaluated that 13 women out of 15 in the age bracket of 18-25 wanted to resemble the size zero models shown in the media. Likewise, 11 women out 15 in the bracket of 25-30 responded in a similar way. Moreover a majority of women from these age groups also believed that women are not misrepresented in the media and that the ‘ideal’ figure should remain size zero i. e. plus size models should not emanate. The ideal female figure according to the above mentioned groups is a UK Size 4 or UK Size 6. Moving on, women from the age bracket 30-35 had a completely different response. 9 women out of 15 said that the size zero models have no affect on them and the remaining 6 felt threatened by them, thus proving that the women from this age group in contrast to the other two groups felt that plus size models should arise in society, as in todays world there are a lot of women with different kinds of bodily forms. As a result limiting the media and advertisements seen on television, magazines, tabloids etc. o a certain body type creating stress amongst others. The women also felt with increase in age, daily stress grows and if they are being forced imitate the size zero models it will add to their existing stress of maintaining their own body. The book ‘Media and The Body Image’ by Maggie Wykes and Barrie Gunter supports the results of the questionnaire as it explains that all these different perceptions of women have increasingly pointed to the media that an idealized, sl ender female form is over represented with possible harmful consequences. Despite the criticisms leveled at the media in this context, surprisingly little work has actually addressed either the nature of media representations of the body or the ways in which audiences may interpret and use such images. Conclusion In conclusion, during the course of this project it was found that women from the age group of 18-25 and 25-30 seemed comfortable with the idea of size zero models and would preferably change their body in order to become that size. They felt that they needed to imitate the models and would make the necessary changes to themselves be it physical or mental to do so. This was not shocking as in today’s day and age the media is conveying a message of women being â€Å"perfect† and the idea of that perfectness comes from them looking their best at all times. â€Å"The media’s role in constructing and/ or reinforcing the notion that to be a woman means to be visual object, slim, ‘attractive’ and preferably blonde and white skinned has been convincingly theorized†(Frost, 2001, p. 5) On the other hand, women in the older age group do not get affected from the representation of size zero models in the media and would rather see plus size models being given the same importance. Also, the men from all age groups confessed that they compare their partners to the ideal female figure and would preferably want them to look like the models. In words of Maggie Wykes and Barrie Gunter, â €Å"older women believe that a more curvaceous and a fuller figure is ‘most attractive to the opposite sex’ where the younger women picked a much thinner silhouette than the older women as being ‘most attractive to the opposite sex’ †.

Gandhi A Man Of Principle Essay Research free essay sample

Gandhi: A Man Of Principle Essay, Research Paper Gandhi: A Man of Principle George C. Wallace, the United States Secretary of State when Mohandas K. Gandhi was assassinated, said that Gandhi? had become a spokesman for the scruples of all mankind- a adult male who made humbleness and simple truth more powerful than imperiums? ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . Gandhi is good known for his leading in the release of India from Britain, but his chief end and message transcends beyond the Acts of the Apostless he did, into mundane life. Gandhi promoted simple life, non-violence, and forgiveness as a manner to unify all people peacefully. These rules helped him to emancipate his people and to learn them a lesson that all can larn. Much of Gandhi? s doctrine is rooted in what he learned as a kid. From his female parent, he learned Hindu instructions. She frequently took him with her to care for the hapless of the country and encouraged fasting as a manner to accomplish pureness of the psyche ( Logue, 6 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Gandhi A Man Of Principle Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Vegetarianism and simple life were besides rules foremost given to Gandhi by his female parent and born faith, Hinduism. Gandhi? s male parent was the town divan? the adult male to settle differences. When Gandhi was 15, he tried smoke and stole money from retainers every bit good as jewellery from his brother. He felt guilty for making such things, nevertheless, and wrote to his male parent in apology, inquiring for penalty. Alternatively of larning through penalty, Gandhi learned forgiveness from his male parent. When the missive was received, his male parent began to shout and forgave him ( 7 ) . From his parents, Gandhi besides received an? early foundation? in acceptance for all subdivisions of Hinduism and similar faiths. His parents frequently took him and his siblings to different temples. Gandhi besides frequently listened to his male parent discuss faith with Jain monastics ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . The lesson Gandhi learned as a kid was mirrored in his grownup life, as he s o learned first manus the importance of ahimsa, or Truth. Gandhi encouraged people to populate a simple life. Simple life to Gandhi intend desiring less and sharing more. The Hindu religion he grew up with called him to liberate himself from ownerships and passions as a manner to God ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . While populating in England to analyze jurisprudence, Gandhi read many spiritual books. There he to the full began to hold on the significance of the Hindu Bible, the Bhagavad Gita, and found a personal ground to simplify his life. He was called to accomplish Moksha, the puting free of one? s psyche. In order to make this, he must forbear from utilizing ownerships as a agency of felicity. This frequently included giving up sex, as it was a hinderance to his thrust in life. Gandhi was celibate for over four decennaries. He strived for a more simple life in order to hold more clip for community service. He gave back all compensation, including gifts that were given to him. His end in life merely was to cognize his ain bosom and to make the Black Marias of others ( Leigh, neptunium ) . Gandhi would neer allow another individual serve him, non even a retainer ; he ever served them ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . Gandhi taught that felicity does non come with things, but with work and pride in what you do. Knowing this, it was necessary for local accomplishments to be revived in their community ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . Under British regulation, Indian rules of simple life had been reduced. The Indians could be found following wonts of the West such as expensive vesture and tea. They even ate meat, despite it being frequently against their faith ( The Higher Taste, 28 ) . In order for the state to derive independency from Britain, Gandhi realized that they must be independent economically. Gandhi walked the state, offering whirling wheels to people as an option to buying British goods ( ? Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi? , 203 ) . Part of Gandhi? s end in life merely was to unite people as peers. There were two sorts of bondage in India, as Gandhi claimed, the adult females and the Untouchables, the members of the exterior castes. He strived to stop both ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . He saw adult females as people of great bravery and intuition. He greatly believed in the construct that? all work forces are brothers? and added that adult females are their sisters. He believed that they deserved instruction merely as work forces did, and that work forces and adult females complimented each other, non by domination and entry ( Leigh, neptunium ) . He walked from town to town, run intoing many of the Untouchables to see what they needed ( Logue, 15 ) . Gandhi felt, that in order for India to be united as one state, all must understand the topographic point of those in most demand, and of the common adult male. He was frequently found? making humble jobs for unpaid boundary lines of exterior castes? ( ? Mohandas Karamch and Gandhi? , 202 ) . He ever rode 3rd category on the trains and when asked why he replied, ? because there is no 4th category? ( Leigh, neptunium ) . His frock excessively, was that of the common people, demoing that all are equal. He frequently proclaimed that each adult male? s labour is every bit of import as another ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . The amalgamation of all people included those of differing faiths. When India was eventually liberated from Britain, there was a difference on who would run the state, the Hindus or the Muslims. Gandhi wanted them to unify peacefully, but they broke into war alternatively. Gandhi went on a 21 twenty-four hours fast in effort to carry them from contending ( ? Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi? , 203 ) . He believed that there was truth to all faiths, if one would merely look to see it. He reinforced his belief that? all work forces are brothers? by adding that this Truth, besides known as God, could be found every bit good in all people ( Leigh, neptunium ) . Gandhi wanted to turn out to the Hindus and Muslims that? the lone Satans in the universe are those running about in our ain Black Marias and that is where our conflicts ought to be fought? ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . This farther meant that force upon other people or even animate beings would merely turn out to be unneeded. On his manner to a instance in South Africa, Gandhi was forced to go forth a first category place on the footing of his race. That dark, as he spent hours in the cold at a coach station because he refused to sit in 3rd category while possessing a first category ticket, he came to a determination. He vowed to himself non to give to coerce and non, in bend, to utilize force to acquire in front ( Leigh, neptunium ) . He was reminded of an old principle he learned as a kid, ? return good for immorality? and allowed that to go a guiding rule in his motion towards non-violence. Gandhi? s non-violent motion took the name Satyagraha which literally means? keeping onto truth? or? psyche force? . He believed that fright and hatred could merely bring forth more of the same ( Leigh, neptunium ) . He taught that when one is pushed towards unfairness, one must merely decline and non fight back. To take the blows of their oppressors and non become retainers would hold both moral and practical value. Morally, force and hatred are incorrect by most, if non all, faiths. Often though, some signifier of self-defence is considered excusable. Gandhi SA Idaho? I can non deliberately ache anything that lives, much less human existences, even though they may make the greatest incorrect to me? ( Logue, 23 ) . He besides said of cooperation with Britain that? non-cooperation with immorality is a responsibility, and British regulation of India is evil? ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . That gave a moral footing for non-cooperation, and non-violence against Britain. Practically, the cause for release was to be most strictly sought through the class of non-violence. Gandhi believed that in order to get the better of injustice one must do unfairness seeable ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . Contending back does non let for such. He encouraged his people to contend against choler, non to arouse it ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . Even more practically was the construct of gaining India? s independency. He reminded his followings that terrorist act merely justifies their arrested development and to hold bravery to take the opposing choler. He urged for peaceable non-violent non-cooperation and attained it through most of his life ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . The phrase is echoed, ? an oculus for an oculus will merely do the whole universe blind? ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . Gandhi? s belief in the rule of non-violence did non stop with people. He believed that all existences deserved regard and attention. He believed in vegetarianism for grounds of non-violence every bit good as its values towards simple life. If there is less grain grown for cattles, there is more adult for the usage of people straight ( McKibben, 64 ) . ? I do experience, ? stated Gandhi, ? that religious advancement does demand at some phase that we should discontinue to kill fellow animals for the satisfaction of our bodily wants? ( The Higher Taste, 28 ) . Although he learned vegetarianism from his female parent, Gandhi came to this belief on his ain footings after analyzing the issue while gaining his jurisprudence grade in London ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . As Gandhi called for release of the psyche, he taught forgiveness. Merely as his male parent had forgiven him, Gandhi longed to hold no difficult feelings towards others. To accomplish forgiveness, people must forgive themselves every bit good and take attempt to rectify their wrongs. This is why when a Hindu came to Gandhi after killing a Muslim male child in retaliation for the Muslim violent death of his boy Gandhi told the adult male to happen a Muslim around the age of the male child he killed and raise him as his ain boy, merely Muslim ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . When Gandhi refused to pay a revenue enhancement in South Africa that was unfair, a adult male by the name of General Smuts put him in prison. Gandhi did non hold difficult feelings after he was released. Alternatively, he made General Smuts a brace of sandals he had made while in prison as a mark of forgiveness ( Logue, 13 ) . Gandhi besides urged the people non to be acrimonious with the British, despite their unjust reg ulation over the state. He said? We? ve come a long manner with the British. When they leave we? vitamin Ds like to see them off as friends? ( Gandhi, neptunium ) . The strongest illustration of Gandhi? s forgiveness can be seen in the really last minute of his life. Gandhi said to one of his followings that if person were to kill him, he would state God? s name with his last breath, forgiving the individual that killed him. Three yearss subsequently, a Hindu who blamed him for the division of India ( to India and Pakistan ) shooting Gandhi. As Gandhi died, he spoke God? s name, forgiving the adult male that killed him ( Logue, 22-23 ) . Gandhi was called Mahatma, intending? great psyche? , every bit good as Bapu, significance, ? male parent? ( Chadha, 506 ) . Over the class of clip, many have taken parts of his wisdom and made a difference in their lives and in the universe. The Farm Workers Protest of California Central Valley, the Anti-Apartheid motions in South Africa, every bit good as the Civil Rights motion by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. all owe a great debt to Gandhi. Sit-ins, ? traveling hitch? , and boycotts were all constructs inspired by Gandhi? s Satyagraha motion ( McKibben, 62 ) . He was the male parent of many motions, and of a doctrine non merely believed, but lived. ? A rule is a rule. And in no instance can it be watered down because of our incapacity to populate it in pattern. We have to endeavor to accomplish it, and the nisus should be witting, calculated and difficult? ( ? Quotes? , np ) . Gandhi? s rules of simple life, non-violence and forgiveness were non watered down in his life and are non to be watered down in the lives of future coevalss. He calls everyone everyplace to take peaceable, loving lives. It is apparent non merely in what he did, but who he was. Outline Thesis: Gandhi promoted simple life, non-violence, and forgiveness as a manner to unify all people peacefully. I. Gandhi? s spiritual direction as a kid II. Simple life A.To free India from British regulation B.To unite adult females and the Untouchables C.To unite all faiths III. Non-violence A.Moral grounds for motion B.Practical grounds for motion C.Non-violence towards all animals IV. Forgiveness V. Gandhi? s influence Plants Cited Chadha, Yogesh. Gandhi. New York: John Wiley A ; Sons, Inc. , 1997. Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. With Ben Kingsley, Candice Bergen, and Martin Sheen. Columbia Pictures, 1982. Gandhi, Mohandas K. The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Beacon Press, 1963. The Higher Taste. United states: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1991. Leigh, Angela. ? Gandhi Living in Peace. ? 7 May 2000: n. pag. On-line. Internet. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //gandhi.virtualave.net/ Logue, Mary. Forgiveness: The Story of Mahatma Gandhi. United states: The Child? s World, 1998. McKibben, Bill. ? Joys R Us? . Unte Reader. March-April 2000. No.98: 60-64. ? Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi? Encyclopedia of World Biography V.6 Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1998. ? Quotation marks? . Gandhi, Mohandas K. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mahatma.org.in/anthro.htm Chadha, Yogesh. Gandhi. New York: John Wiley A ; Sons, Inc. , 1997. Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. With Ben Kingsley, Candice Bergen, and Martin Sheen. Columbia Pictures, 1982. Gandhi, Mohandas K. The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Beacon Press, 1963. The Higher Taste. United states: The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 1991. Leigh, Angela. ? Gandhi Living in Peace. ? 7 May 2000: n. pag. On-line. Internet. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //gandhi.virtualave.net/ Logue, Mary. Forgiveness: The Story of Mahatma Gandhi. United states: The Child? s World, 1998. McKibben, Bill. ? Joys R Us? . Unte Reader. March-April 2000. No.98: 60-64. ? Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi? Encyclopedia of World Biography V.6 Detroit, MI: Gale Research, 1998. ? Quotation marks? . Gandhi, Mohandas K. Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mahatma.org.in/anthro.htm

East Timor Conflict essays

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Emergency Departments And Effects Of Non Urgent Cases

Emergency Departments And Effects Of Non Urgent Cases Emergency Departments (EDs) are under increasing pressure and increases in numbers of patients deemed inappropriate or some which could be seen by alternative providers are all a burden on the ED and the health service in general. Over recent years there has seen an increase of attendances at EDs of more than 20% with the majority being primary care cases. Recent changes to the GP contracts in 2003 have also had an impact on increases in attendance to EDs. There is a potential saving of in excess of  £120 million if patients attended the appropriate health service provider either GPs, walk in centres or by self treating and asking a pharmacist. Patient education and good promotion of the Choose Well campaign could reduce these numbers and therefore do away with the need to have to potentially turn away non-urgent cases. Introduction EDs are under increasing pressure to deliver high quality care due to rising attendances. Over the period from 2007-2010 there has been an overall increase in attendance at EDs of England of 20.9%. There was an increase of 10.7% in attendance between the period 07/08 to 08/09 (12,318,051 attendances in 07/08 and 13,794,072 in 08/09) 11.4% increase between 08/09 and 09/10 (15,569736 attendances in the period 09/10). There have been numerous attempts to try and stem the rise in ED attendances including offering patients guidance, making them aware of the consequences and informing them of the alternative health services available. A GP ED Triage Pilot conducted by Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Sheffield General Practitioner Collaborative in March 20101 which was conducted to ensure patients were seen in the most appropriate location and by the most appropriate health care professional found that cases deemed to be actual primary care cases amounted to 19%. From this study it could be said that approximately 20% of attendees could potentially have been seen by a general practitioner in primary care rather than attending the ED but this is very small sample and many more studies would need to be carried out looking at different departments to be able to draw a more definitive conclusion. Applying 20% would therefore estimate that for the year 2009/10 in England approximately 3 million attendees were candidates for primary care. The estimated cost of seeing these patient in the ED based on the cost of  £56 for treating a minor ailment and  £75 for a standard (average cost  £65.50) totals  £196.5 million. Doctors consultations in primary care settings are the most cost effective part of the medical component of the NHS at  £15- £30 (averaging  £22.50), GP consultations cost less than out-patients appointments, ED and ambulance calls (ambulance calls costing  £255 per patient). Therefore the cost of treating the 3 million potential primary care/GP patients in the GP setting would total  £67.5million which would save the NHS a potential  £129 million.2 These values are only for normal working hours. Most non-urgent cases actually occur out of hours which would actually increase this amount even further with even more potential savings. The above costings are currently being changed to new Health Care Resource (HRG) code costings which are slightly less which could reflect lower savings than those calculated.3,4 The choose well campaign North West estimated the national cost to the NHS of treating minor illnesses is  £2 billion a year.5 The new system will have 11 different HRG groups, opposed to the current three Groups. The new HRG codes mean you must code both investigations and treatments, as opposed to investigations alone6 (appendix 1). This review hopes to come to an understanding why these patients use the emergency department rather than GP surgeries, barriers to other forms of care and access to GP surgeries and therefore answering the question whether emergency departments should be able to turn away non-urgent cases. Other points which will be taken into account are the ethical dilemmas associated with potentially turning patients away and the potential repercussions of doing so. Method and literature review A search was performed using Lancaster Universitys metalib data base which searched Scopus, Springerlink, Science Direct and Ovid Medline and Pub Med data bases. After accounting for duplicates and reviewing titles and abstracts, papers were selected for review. Search criteria included the terms, non-urgent, emergency department, primary care. The date was initially limited to 1996 2010 but on further searches earlier articles were allowed in order to search for historical articles. The search was also limited to humans and English language. The Department of Health website and the Primary Care Foundation website were also used to find current legislation and data. Database Limits Results OVID Medline emergency department, non-urgent primary care year-1996-2010 humans, English 25 Pub Med 12 Springerlink 19 Science Direct 72 Why patients attend the emergency department There is no formal definition of what is deemed an appropriate attendee to the emergency department due to peoples own impressions of what they believe to be an emergency. This leads to inappropriate attenders who could have legitimately seen their own GP. The types of patient who attend inappropriately and their decisions to do so are complex and involve social, psychological and medical factors.7 Urgency is also a term which is difficult to define and to measure. Studies have been carried out which have measured urgency but there is such wide variation on what is deemed urgent the results are subjective. Due to this subjective nature when defining urgent it is important to be consistent and have appropriate and qualified medical professionals determining the urgency of a situation using set criteria. In an early study Lavenhar et al described an urgent problem as one that requires medical attention within a few hours.8 This definition is used in this review. It has also been found, what medical professionals deem as non-urgent is often not perceived the same in the patient and the urgency of the situation should be based on the presenting signs and symptoms and not the eventual final diagnosis.9 Patients have been seen to attend the ED for many reasons including, the following: They deemed their condition/illness to be appropriate for the ED They believed the GP would refer them anyway The GP surgery was too far to travel to The GP surgery was closed A friend or family member felt it appropriate For those patients who deemed their attendance to be appropriate for their illness or condition it would be very difficult to convince them otherwise and such patients generally attend the ED for reassurance that there condition is not serious and is not going to get any worse. Such patients also have high anxiety, and a sense of urgency and self diagnose yet have no formal medical knowledge.9-12 Those who believed that their GP would have referred them anyway thought they would cut out the middle man. The patients found to do this in a study carried out by Palmer et al deemed their condition to be bad enough and that their GP would refer them, and attending their GP prior to attending the ED would just be a waste of time13 this study also found that pain was a major factor patients took into consideration when deciding on where to attend. Pain itself being subjective and open to individual interpretation. Those that found the GP surgery to be too far to travel were patients who generally lived in rural areas where the distance to both GP and ED were significantly far away and patients therefore decided they may as well attend the ED rather than the GP to save time in the event that the GP would just refer them anyway. Those patients for whom the GP surgery was closed mainly attended out of hours or at weekends. These patients generally thought their condition was urgent and couldnt wait until the surgery reopened.11,12 For attendees who were advised by friends and family to attend the ED did so purely on this advice and the majority of which would not have done so without this advice. This included people advised by colleagues, first aiders and schools where responsibility for the patient was in someone elses hands and the person advising did so in order to protect themselves.12,13 Another major factor to consider when looking at why patients attend the ED is the decision making capabilities of the patients themselves. This would include social, psychosocial and medical factors. Padgett and Brodsky14 proposed a three stage model which outlined how the stages of decision making interacted between the three different stages within the model. The three factors were predisposing, enabling and need. The decision making stages being recognising the problem, deciding to seek treatment and the decision on where to get the treatment. Predisposing factors which are part of stage one included the age, sex, race, level of education, family and social support available. The enabling factors, stage 2 were the income of the patient, usual source of care, proximity of the source of care and the perceived accessibility of this care source and the factors contributing to the need, stage three, were symptom recognition, evaluation of need, level of distress and psychiatric co-morbidity. Padgett and Brodskys three stage model14 Barriers to Care The above predisposing factors are also forms of barriers to care and are dealt with by patients in many different ways. Patient education would be a major tool for breaking down such barriers.11 This is the aim of a local and national campaign called Choose Well. This is a campaign that is supported by the NHS and its staff and aims to ensure people who need advice and treatment for common complaints, get fast and expert care.5 The North West has seen an increase of 177,000 patients in the ED over the last two years and hoped the Choose Well campaign would reduce this over the winter of 2010/11. The North West NHS estimated that 1 in 4 ED attendances were due to patients who could have self treated or could have been seen by other health professionals elsewhere. Offering guidance in both GP surgeries and EDs would give patients the information for themselves to determine the urgency of their condition. This information could include what definitely should be seen at the ED and what definitely shouldnt. Where this is a good idea and has the potential to work well however it could potentially cause patients with urgent problems to believe that they are non-urgent therefore putting them at risk of harm. On the other hand it could also cause some patients to deem themselves urgent and attend the ED when they were initially happy to attend their GP practice adding to the non-urgent caseload. The Choose Well campaign briefly describes the types of conditions that should attend the ED as an emergency and gives contact numbers for patients to ring in order to get further information on where is best for them to attend. This may be difficult for some patients; particularly the elderly as navigating around a website may be difficult or impossible and at a time when you are not well or believe to be in an emergency situation this could be valuable time needed for treatment. It does however offer valuable advice for minor injuries and illnesses known not to be life or limb threatening and could possibly eliminate the need for these patients to enter the health service at all reducing overall numbers and costs. Does Choose Well make a difference? The Choose Well campaign North West sent out a survey (appendix 1) to determine the number of people who had made alternative decisions to attending the ED and whether the messages from the campaign had reached the local people. The survey results are not yet available but Merseyside NHS was successful in increasing the level of awareness amongst the people of Merseyside of the range of NHS services available to them over the winter of 2008 with 94,547 people using NHS Walk in centres in Merseyside, a rise of 18% from the year before and there was a drop in AE attendance of 6.4%, compared to the previous winter yet they still had high attendances to the ED with up to half of these potentially of the type that could have been treated by more appropriate NHS services.15   Many patients do not realise that there are cost implications and differences in cost between EDs and GPs and believe that it makes no difference whether they visit as all they want is a diagnosis regardless of who gives it to them.16 Many do not visit their GPs because of the appointment systems in place, and they are often unable to make an appointment and are therefore more willing to wait around in the ED where they are guaranteed to be seen rather than wait for an appointment at their GP practice. It has also been noted that when patients were unable to see their regular GP and were offered an appointment to see an alternative the decision was made to attend the ED rather than see the alternative.17,18 The opening hours of primary care facilities also do not satisfy the needs of some patients, those who work during the day may not be able to take time off from their daily activities to attend appointments which are set at the discretion of the GP practice rather than at the discretion of the patient such as in the evening, during the night and at weekends. Repeat attendees of the ED are found to make up a large proportion of cases. In a report by NHS Manchester19 who had registered 230,000 attendances per year at its three main sites showed that 13% of these attendances were frequent attendees (patients who attended the ED four or more times in a six month period) with the average number of times a frequent attender being 5.7 times. The report also suggested that this was inappropriate use of the ED and that patients needs were not being met by primary care providers. They decided to increase performance by putting in place best practice which was to include devising computer software that would identify the frequent attenders and allow GPs to see who they where so that they can make contact with the patients and inform them about their inappropriate use of the ED. The patients were sent letters stating key messages on the use of the ED and an information leaflet. The pro-forma letter which read An AE department is often not the best p lace to receive care for non-urgent problems or those that will need ongoing treatment. They do not have your medical records which included information about other medical problems both past and present, investigations, regular medication, and any allergies to medication. Not having this information can compromise the treatment you receive. The enclosed leaflet contains information about services other than AE departments which are available to you. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.AE departments should be used when the problem is an accident or requires emergency treatment. We would request that you contact the surgery first when you have a health problem that requires some advice and/or treatment.19 This intervention was found in one GP practice to reduce the number of repeat attenders by 20%19 even though studies have shown that this would be the number of frequent attenders that would over time stop attending anyway without any form of intervention.20,21 In order to validate the results found the intervention should be compared between surgeries with some surgeries having intervention and some not having the intervention. GP services within the ED There has been an increase in the number of primary care doctors in EDs or based closely to EDs over recent years. This has been found to decrease the numbers of non-urgent cases seeking ED treatment in favour of a GP and has also reduced the number of unnecessary admissions to hospital. This sort of initiative requires team work and close working partnerships with both EDs and GPs which at times has be proven to be tricky due to differences in culture and beliefs. The primary Care Foundation has carried out research commissioned by the Department of Health, the study, which was carried out in May 2009, looked at different models of primary care across England practising within and alongside EDs. The number of patients deemed to be primary care patients were identified. It found that around half of all EDs did in actual fact have some form of primary care presence working within the ED and that between 10% and 30% of attendees were classified as primary care candidates.22 Discussion Ethical dilemma of turning patients away The four principles of ethics developed by Beauchamp and Childress23 must be taken into account when coming to a decision as to whether to turn patients away from the ED. The 4 principles approach takes into account that whatever our personal beliefs, philosophy, moral theory or life stance the care of patients is the most important factor. It could be said that turning patients away from the ED was going against the ethics of the health service in that it is considered freely accessible to all at any time. The Four Ethical Principles Autonomy Patients must be respected and must not be deceived and must be given adequate information. If patients are turned away then they are not given all the required information regarding their condition. Even though they would be advised to see their GP they may not do so. Beneficence and non-maleficence It may be seen as causing the patient harm by turning them away, they may suffer further pain or psychological trauma by not being seen. Justice Justice or fairness may be breached if patients are turned away. The health service is free at the point of entry and patients that are turned away may feel as if they are being denied care or treatment, even though they would be offered it at their GP practice for some this may not be possible or an option therefore denying them any form of care at all. Conclusion From the articles and documents reviewed it can be seen that non-urgent attendees at the ED are a drain on public funds and a time of economic instability and when there is a keen focus on service cuts and delivering value for money. In spite of the evidence and from reviewing articles I feel that it could potentially be detrimental to the health and well being of patients if they were to be turned away from the ED for non-urgent or minor conditions that could be seen in general practice. Turning them away could make them stop seeking medical treatment and could make them lose faith in the health service altogether. I believe that more patient education and greater access to GPs and primary care health professionals is what is required in order to reduce the numbers and therefore the cost of treating such patients. It is not the duty of the treating professional to determine the perceived severity of illness or injury a patient attends with but to offer them the care and support they need in order for them to continue their lives as they would like to. It is however the duty of health professionals to educate their patients and offer support on how they should deal with such illnesses and injuries so as not to have to attend or re-attend the ED. This could come in the form of information leaflets or just by talking to the patients and finding out their reasons for attending the ED rather than GPs and how things can be put in to place and organised for future patients to overcome the barriers to other forms of care. In 2003/4 there was a change in the GP contracts, following this there was an increase in ED attendances. The new contracts made changes to the after-hours access to GPs and allowed GPs to opt out of this area of care, this then resulted in the increase of after-hours presentations to the ED of GP cases.24 So in order to increase access there would need to be more GPs not opting out of the after-hours work or changing the contracts to omit the option to opt out of such. Even though there are provisions such as walk in centres and out-of-hours services people attend the ED, this could be due to the unfamiliarity of such places and lack of knowledge of the facilities available. More patient education and promotion of such centres would be required to ensure they are made aware to everyone in the event of requiring such services. Also the integration of primary and secondary care could help improve services for everyone by bringing GPs into the EDs and from a closer working partnership. Appendix 1 HRG code HRG name Band AE tariff ( £) VB01Z Any investigation with category 5 treatment 1 183 VB02Z Category 3 investigation with category 4 treatment 1 183 VB03Z Category 3 investigation with category 1-3 treatment 2 133 VB04Z Category 2 investigation with category 4 treatment 2 133 VB05Z Category 2 investigation with category 3 treatment 2 133 VB06Z Category 1 investigation with category 3-4 treatment 3 78 VB07Z Category 2 investigation with category 2 treatment 4 110 VB08Z Category 2 investigation with category 1 treatment 4 110 VB09Z Category 1 investigation with category 1-2 treatment 3 78 VB10Z Dental Care 5 52 VB11Z No investigation with no significant treatment 5 52 HRG codes and tariffs6 Appendix 2 North West Choose Well Survey If you or a family member had a minor illness or injury (for example a sore throat, backache, cough or cold), which is the first NHS service you would use for advice and treatment? (Please select one answer) Y/N Y/N Pharmacy Minor Injuries Unit GP/Doctor Look for advice on the internet Phone NHS Direct or look on their website Dial 999 NHS Walk-in Centre Go to AE Urgent Care Centre None of the above, I would look after myself Other, please state below If your first choice service was unavailable, which other NHS service would you contact next? (Please select one answer) Y/N Y/N Pharmacy Minor Injuries Unit GP/Doctor Look for advice on the internet Phone NHS Direct or look on their website Dial 999 NHS Walk-in Centre Go to AE Urgent Care Centre None of the above, I would look after myself Other, please state below If you are a parent or carer for children under 16 years of age, please complete questions 3 4. Otherwise go straight to question 5. Which age group are your children in? Y/N Y/N 0 4 years 10 13 years 5 9 years 14 16 years If your children had a minor illness or injury (for example a temperature, a sore throat, cough or cold, a small cut or a sprain), which is the first NHS service you would use for advice and treatment? (Please select one) Y/N Y/N Pharmacy Minor Injuries Unit GP/Doctor Look for advice on the internet Phone NHS Direct or look on their website Dial 999 NHS Walk-in Centre Go to AE Urgent Care Centre None of the above, I would look after myself Other, please state below 5. If you have selected AE or 999 in answer to questions 1, 2 or 4 above, please answer this question. Otherwise go straight to question 6. If you have selected AE or 999 in answer to questions 1, 2 or 4 above, can you tell us why you would make this choice? (Select as many as apply) Y/N Y/N You will receive the best quality care and advice You know that you are guaranteed to be treated You will be seen quicker than any other service The AE is closest to where you live You do not know where else to go In the past your GP sent you to your AE or told you to call 999 You would have chosen a GP, but are not registered with one In the past you were told to go to AE or to call 999 by another health service, e.g. pharmacy/NHS Direct You would have chosen a GP, but it is difficult to get an appointment Other, please state below Which of the following services do you currently use your local pharmacist store for? (Select as many as apply) Y/N Y/N Picking up a prescription Advice if your child has a high temperature Advice and treatment for a headache Advice and treatment for backache and other aches pains Advice and treatment for an upset stomach Advice and treatment for a urine infection Advice and treatment for treating coughs, colds flu Contraceptive advice Other, please state below Did you know that your local pharmacist store provides a confidential consultation area? Yes/No Did you know that your local pharmacist can offer you confidential advice and treatment without an appointment? Yes/No Would you consider using your local pharmacist for any of the following? (Select as many as apply) Y/N Y/N Contraceptive advice Advice if your child has a high temperature Advice and treatment for a headache Advice and treatment for backache and other aches pains Advice and treatment for an upset stomach Advice and treatment for a urine infection Advice and treatment for treating coughs, colds flu Other, please state below Do you know where to find information about late night and weekend opening hours for your local pharmacist? Yes/No Choose Well is an NHS campaign that aims to help people in the North West to understand which NHS service to use if they need fast and effective treatment for minor illnesses and ailments; and how to use 999 and AE services appropriately. Have you heard of the Choose Well campaign? Yes/No If yes go to Q 12; if no go to Q 13 Where have you seen or heard about the Choose Well campaign? (Select as many as apply) Y/N Y/N Local newspaper Local news websites PCT website Community radio Local radio Life Channel (GP TV) Bus advert Leaflet Signs on ambulances Other posters Word of mouth (someone mentioned it to you) Other, please state below Have you heard any of the following messages? Tick as many as appropriate. The number of people using AE and 999 services is continuing to rise One out of every four people who go to AE could have either treated themselves at home, or used another local NHS service You can get three free text messages, with details of your three nearest pharmacies by texting pharmacy to 64746 Your local pharmacy provides expert, convenient advice and treatment for minor ailments AE and 999 services are for life-threatening and serious conditions such as heart-attacks, strokes, breathing problems and serious accidents Get the right NHS treatment As a result of seeing these messages, if you or a member of your family has a minor illness or ailment are you less likely or more likely to use the following services (please select as appropriate). Less Likely More Likely Your local pharmacy Your local GP NHS Walk-in Centre or similar service Minor Injuries Unit Urgent Care Centre NHS Direct NHS Choices Website AE 999 To help us to get our campaign right, it would be really helpful if you could give us some information about yourself. Which age group do you fall in to? Y/N Y/N Y/N 16 19 40 49 70 79 20 29 50 59 80 89 30 39 60 69 90+ Gender please delete as appropriate Male Female Please could you tell us the first part of your postcode e.g. M22 or SK6 Ethnicity Please can you select the group that best describes your ethnic background White Y/N Y/N English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British Irish Gypsy or Traveller Other, please give details Mixed/Multiple Ethnic Groups Y/N Y/N White and Black Caribbean White and Asian White and Black African Other, please give details Asian/Asian British Y/N Y/N Indian Bangladeshi Pakistani Chinese Other, please give details Black/African/Caribbean/Black British Y/N Y/N African Caribbean Other, please give details Other Ethnic Y/N Y/N Arab Other, please give details Thank you for your time we really appreciate your help. If you are willing to help us to develop this project further, please fill in your contact details below Name Address Tel. No. Email address Taken directly from the Choose Well questionnaire5

Importance of Osborne in Journeys End by R.C Sheriff Essay -- Journeys

Importance of Osborne in Journeys End by R.C Sheriff From the very beginning of the play, Sheriff suggests to the audience that Osborne is the father figure and therefore that he is the voice of reason to the other men. We find out that Osborne is a middle-aged man with 'iron-grey hair'. Osborne however is physically in very good shape and is a 'tall, thin man' who is 'physically as hard as nails.' As Raleigh enters the audience sees a kind, caring side to Osborne. Sheriff puts across the ideas of Osborne being a family man through his calming conversation with Raleigh, where he tells Raleigh from what way he should look at the war. "There's something rather romantic about it all." Sheriff deliberately decides for the other characters in the play to call Osborne 'Uncle', this once again shows his maturity and that he quite responsible. He is always there when something needs to be done and he also very quick to volunteer to do any jobs that may come along. "I'll do the duty roll and see the sergeant major - and all that." For this the men respect him and therefore call him 'uncle'. Osborne is also quite affluent and may be seen as an intellect. This is shown by the fact that he is a teacher and that he doesn't jump to conclusions about people and their actions. The first time that the audience meets Osborne is in his conversation with Hardy who is the introducer of the play to the audience. The audience realises that Osborne is in the trench as he tries to take the men's thoughts away from the war and instead focus them of previous lives of things that have nothing to do with the war. "It's a nice looking sock." .. ... raiding party returns there is chaos amongst the ranks, this could possibly suggest that Stanhope and the other men require Osborne's experience in life and there seems to be a vast emptiness, this is shown by plenty of pauses followed by short, sharp conversations representing chaos. Tension is also built as Raleigh naively sits upon Raleigh's old bed. "Must you sit on Osborne's bed?" This shows that without the experienced, peacemaker, Osborne the men begin to have more heated arguments between themselves. In conclusion, therefore, Osborne added a sense of calmness to the abstract position that the men are put into. I believe that Sheriff has accomplished the task of catching the reader's eye through the voice of experience from Osborne. Work Cited Sherriff, R. C. Journey's End. New York: Brentano's, 1929.

Immigration is a new identity in Brick Lane by Monica Ali Essay

Monica Ali’s Brick Lane and Amulya Malladi’s Serving Crazy with Curry both portray the rising identity changes that occur with the first and second generation immigrants. Both novels reveal that when it comes to immigration, due to a difference in their surroundings and exposure to different cultures the second generation experiences a different setting which contributes to their developing identity. However, their developing identities becomes a contrast to the identities of the elder generation; thus creating a â€Å"culture clash†. â€Å"Culture Clash† is the act when one or more cultures are incorporated into one environment and as a result, traditions are challenged causing a disruption. First generation characters share the traits of being indignant of changing cultural values during immigration while the second generation are keen on conforming and leave their roots in exchange for freedom of being accepted into society. Through the characters and u se of language, both Monica Ali’s Brick Lane and Amulya Malladi’s Serving Crazy with Curry demonstrates how immigration creates a difference in identity that exists between the first and second generation. Coming to a completely different country, not knowing anyone at all, the first generation characters tend to be indignant. In both these novels the first generation immigrants express bitterness when adapting to different surrounding. Saroj Venturi from Serving Crazy with Curry, expresses her resentment towards the new culture, when she says â€Å"It was coming here, to this white pit that changed things between Avi and her. If they stayed in India, if only he’d wanted to stay, they would’ve been happy† (Malladi, 15). By comparing her new place of residence to a hole, Saroj feels trapped or exiled within this alien land, proving to be the motive for her resentment. Saroj displays her regret when she wishes to have stayed in India by saying that she would have been happier there thus providing a reason for her refusal to find happiness in her new environment. Similarly in Monica Ali’s novel Brick Lane, Chanu Ahmed was asked for permission by his wife, Nazee n, to attend English lessons and here he demonstrate the characteristic of resentment: Your going to be a mother†¦Will that not keep you busy enough?  And you can’t take a baby to college. Babies have to be fed; they have to have their bottoms cleaned. It’s not so simple as that. Just to go to college, like that. (Ali, 57) In this passage, Chanu rejects his wife’s idea of attending English classes and uses the excuse of his wife’s pregnancy and awaiting motherhood as a way of discouraging her. On top of that he also asks questions upon questions which may suggest bitterness towards her idea of going to school and attempting to fit in with society. Not only does Chanu discourage conform into society, he also discourages his daughters from becoming too westernized because he wanted to keep their Bengali culture rooted within themselves. Both Saroj from Serving Crazy with Curry and Chanu from Brick Lane being first generation immigrants demonstrate a common trait of resentment. Growing up in a place that is nothing like your place of origin, second generation immigrants convey acceptance while being raised in a different environment than their parents. The second generation immigrants identify themselves according to where they were born instead of their place of origin. Both Devi from Serving Crazy with Curry and Shahana Ahmed from Brick Lane, were both raised in a western environment and identify themselves as either â€Å"American† or â€Å"British†. Shahana presents her determination to fit into society when she states that â€Å"She wanted to have her lip pierced. This was latest thing. Last week she wanted to get a tattoo.† (Ali, 240). The act of getting piercings and tattoo’s are activities that are classified under western culture and when Shahana wishes to get them, it shows that she is eager to get involved and fit in with the society she is from. Getting a tattoo on her body, will represent the permanent residence of w estern culture within her life. Both Malladi and Ali portray the difference between resent and acceptance along with the idea of opposite traits enhancing the thought of conflict between generations. In both novels, Monica Ali and Amulya Malladi portray the fact that first  generation immigrants tend to retain their cultural values while the second generation are willing to exchange their roots for greater freedom. In Serving Crazy with Curry, Saroj Venturi wishes to instil Indian values within her children when she says, â€Å"Why couldn’t she learn to cook like all good Indian girls?† (Malladi, 19). She feels that her children do not know enough about their country of origin, and wishes to incorporate some Indian traditions into her daughters’ western lives so that they do not stray away from their Indian culture. Chanu from Brick Lane, faces a similar situation to Saroj as he also tries to incorporate Bengali culture into his daughters. Chanu uses language to discourage his daughters from becoming too westernized: â€Å"[†¦]that I am going to tie her up and cut her tongue. Tell the Memsahib that when I have skinned her [Shahana] alive she will not be looking so pleased with herself† (Ali, 162). Chanu refers to his daughter as a Memsahib which is a title used in colonial India as a form of respectful address for a prestigious woman. Chanu addresses his daughter, Shahana as a memsahib due to her behaviour such as acting snobbish and stubborn like a prestigious woman; qualities that he finds to be developed as a result of westernization. Chanu uses words such as â€Å"cut† and â€Å"skinned† to threaten his daughter so that she would behave. In contrast to the first generation, the second generation exchanges their cultural values for more freedom. In Serving Crazy with Curry, Devi Venturi gets a taste of her own freedoms in the area of dating: â€Å"And each time she [Saroj] snooped, she expected to find an unsuitable man lying naked in Devi’s bedroom, or worse, naked women† (Malladi, 19). The fact that Devi’s mother has to snoop around to find a naked man or women in Devi’s room shows her limits when it comes to controlling her daugh ters life and dating lifestyle. As well as the word â€Å"naked† represents Devi’s growing freedoms that she later uncover after certain stages she comes across within this western culture. From Brick Lane, Shahana has the newfound freedom of wearing what she wants. Having the freedom of choice in clothing Shahana chose to wear a skirt, which is an article of clothing that exposes the legs. When Shahana walks past a group of boys they turn around â€Å"She looked at them and cocked her head. Nazeen wished that Shahana had her trousers on† (Ali, 217). Choosing an article that exposes body parts strongly goes against the typical Bengali culture which proves that her choice in clothing is affected by the western society  that she lives in. Both authors use characters to inform that the first generation attempts to protect their cultural values while the second generation lets go of it, demonstrating their clashing ways of adjusting to changes due to immigration. Many people make the decision to leave their country of origin and immigrate to a foreign land due to the idea of finding success and living a better life. First generation immigrants have an eagerness to acquire success and the second generation has a lack of commitment. In Brick Lane, Chanu graduated with a degree in English literature and moves to London because he finds it to be the key to success. Chanu’s determination is shown when he says â€Å"Now I have to get the promotion† (Ali,36). The term promotion means to move to a higher, more important position than previously and Chanu’s desire to move onto the next level symbolizes his desire to be successful. Avi Venturi from Serving Crazy with Curry, deals with a similar situation as he learns that the military was not the right path for him when he says â€Å"This is all I am left with. The army gave me this and what else? No medal, no nothing.† (Malladi, 85). Avi feels he must obtain achievement, therefore he travels to San Francisco, when he was offered a job there, which leads him to be where he is now, a successful business man. Avi had the determination to be successful and fulfill his ambitions, unlike the second generation who lack this trait. The beginning of Serving Crazy with curry demonstrates Devi Venturi’s character as a failure: After Devi was laid off (yet again) a week ago, it started to dawn on her that she was not going to be able to change her life. Everything she ever wanted had become elusive and the decision to end her life, she realized, was not only a good decision, but her only option. (Malladi, 1) This quote in particular shows Devi’s lack of determination and commitment in achieving her goals to complete tasks and achieve what they want. In the first sentence, Malladi describes Devi’s failure being quite continuous when she states â€Å"yet again†. When she states that â€Å"she was not going to be able to change her life† (Malladi, 1) this displays Devi’s lack of commitment and  determination in accomplishing her goals because once she fails, she no longer has hope and decides that her fate will never change thus cancelling out any possibilities for improvement. The idea of not improving and changing what she thinks could be her fate leads Devi to think that the only choice she has is to end her life, which shows her lack of enthusiasm and determination to fulfill her ambitions and desires. Both novels portray the effect that immigration has on the identities of first and second generations immigrants. Authors, Monica Ali and Amulya Malladi use language to highlight the contrasting traits of characters and focus on the non-parallel connections between the first and second generation immigrants. When it comes to immigration diversity in the external environment contributes to the complex relationship between the two generations.